What Is an Electromagnetic Relay and How Does It Work?

Electromagnetic relays are a common form of electronic control device for circuits, providing management through automatic switching that occurs based on current conditions. Such relays feature a control and controlled system, those of which are respectively known as the input and output loop. With a small current, electromagnetic relay are able to govern a larger current with a higher voltage. With this simple role, electromagnetic relays are used for safety, conversion, and adjustment.

As an electromagnetic relay features an electromagnetic, it will operate on the principle of electromagnetic attraction. As such, it will generate a magnetic field under certain operating conditions, allowing for a switch to be opened and closed. There are two major types of electromagnetic relays that are available, and they are classified based on their working principle. These types are the electromagnetic attraction relay and the electromagnetic induction relay.

With an electromagnetic attraction relay, the armature is adjusted through magnetic attraction. Based on the amount of current that is flowing through the coil of the electromagnetic, a proportional force will be generated and exerted on the moving element. Attraction relays are often useful as they can work with both alternating and direct current, and they are the most simplistic option. For their basic construction, electromagnetic attraction relays feature a plunger, hinged armature, balanced armature, and an iron polarized relay. The relay itself may be one of two types, either coming in the form of a balanced beam or hinged armature variation.

With a balanced beam relay, two values will be compared to one another with the variation of electromagnetic force. Balanced beam relays generally provide a low operating current ratio, and they have the tendency to overreach if they are tasked with operating fast. Hinged armature relays or polarized moving relays are those that can have their sensitivity to direct current bolstered with the addition of a permanent magnet.

The electromagnetic induction relay is the other major category, and they conduct operations on the principle of a split-phase induction motor. With the interaction of electromagnetic fluxes and an eddy current, force is generated and induced in the rotor with the assistance of the fluxes. The initial force will always be produced on the moving element of the relay, that of which may come in the form of the rotor or a separate disc.

To achieve the phase difference in the fluxes, a number of structures can be used. Across all designs, the most common structures are the shaded pole, watt-hour meter or double winding, and induction cup structure. With a shaded pole structure, the coil is energized with current as it passes through a single coil that is wound around a magnetic piece. As initializing current is induced, it will create air-gap fluxes that are split and displaced by a shaded ring that is made from aluminum. With a watt-hour meter structure, an E- and U-shaped electromagnetic are used and feature a disc that freely rotates between them. As the magnets exhibit varying levels of resistance and inductance, phase displacement between fluxes will result.

The final structure is the induction cup relay, that of which operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction. In such components, two or more electromagnetics are energized by a relay coil, resulting in a rotating magnetic field. As the magnetic field is generated, current will begin to be induced within the cup, causing it to rotate in the same direction of the current. As compared to the other two structures, the induction cup relay structure is known for having the capability to produce the most torque.

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